Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
2024, Volume 3, Issue 4 : 121-128 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15777028
Research Article
Association between High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease in Iraq
 ,
Received
March 9, 2024
Revised
Sept. 15, 2024
Accepted
Sept. 25, 2024
Published
Oct. 1, 2024
Abstract

The study utilised a comprehensive framework to gather all the literature on High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease in Iraq. Comprehensive searches were conducted without imposing temporal restrictions in the academic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. The search query comprised various combinations of the terms such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease (heart diseases), and myocardial infarction. The findings reveal that there is substantial evidence connecting hypertension to CVD generally, and it is particularly prevalent in Iraq, where hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. The development and worsening of hypertension and CVD are both facilitated by endothelial dysfunction, making the endothelial function of the utmost importance. Immigrants and Iraqis are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to type 2 diabetes, which highlights the need to take certain preventative actions.

Keywords
REFERENCES
  1. Abba, M. S., Nduka, C. U., Anjorin, S., Zanna, F. H., & Uthman, O. A. (2023). Socioeconomic macro-level determinants of hypertension: ecological analysis of 138 low-and middle-income countries. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 10(2), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10020057
  2. Baker, L. A. A., & Aldin, S. Z. J. (2022). Association of some biochemical parameters and blood pressure among males with hypertension in the camps of Nineveh province-Iraq. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology= Journal de la Therapeutique des Populations et de la Pharmacologie Clinique, 29(4), e167-e176. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2022.979
  3. Bennet, L., Agardh, C. D., & Lindblad, U. (2013). Cardiovascular disease in relation to diabetes status in immigrants from the Middle East compared to native Swedes: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1133
  4. Bhatnagar, P., Wickramasinghe, K., Williams, J., Rayner, M., & Townsend, N. (2015). The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014. Heart, 101(15), 1182-1189. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307516
  5. Budreviciute, A., Damiati, S., Sabir, D. K., Onder, K., Schuller-Goetzburg, P., Plakys, G., ... & Kodzius, R. (2020). Management and prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. Frontiers in public health, 8, 574111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.574111
  6. Dharmashankar, K., & Widlansky, M. E. (2010). Vascular endothelial function and hypertension: insights and directions. Current Hypertension Reports, 12, 448-455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-010-0150-2
  7. Dyball, D., Evans, S., Boos, C. J., Stevelink, S. A., & Fear, N. T. (2019). The association between PTSD and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in male veterans of the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts: a systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 31(1), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2019.1580686
  8. Einarson, T. R., Acs, A., Ludwig, C., & Panton, U. H. (2018). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 17, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6
  9. Fuchs, F. D., & Whelton, P. K. (2020). High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension, 75(2), 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240
  10. Gallo, G., Volpe, M., & Savoia, C. (2022). Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension: current concepts and clinical implications. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 798958. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.798958
  11. Højstrup, S., Thomsen, J. H., & Prescott, E. (2023). Disparities in cardiovascular disease and treatment in the Nordic countries. The Lancet Regional Health–Europe, 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100699
  12. Iyanda A, Ade-Oni A, Omiyefa S, Krishnan B. (2023). Prevalence, spatial pattern, and predictors of cardiovascular and chronic diseases: A cross-sectional study. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2861281/v1
  13. Jimenez, M. T. B., Hahad, O., Kuntic, M., Daiber, A., & Münzel, T. (2023). Noise, air, and heavy metal pollution as risk factors for endothelial dysfunction. European Cardiology Review, 18, e09. https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2022.41
  14. Loukili, H., Malka, G., Landrault, H., Frej, D., & Amine, M. (2020). Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors Among Young Adults: A STEPwise-Approach-Based Study in Three University Setups in Morocco. The Open Public Health Journal, 13(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010464
  15. Mansour, A. A. (2012). Prevalence and control of hypertension in Iraqi diabetic patients: a prospective cohort study. The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal, 6, 68. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874192401206010068
  16. Mansouri, A., Khosravi, A., Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K., Kopec, J. A., Adawi, K. I., Lui, M., ... & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2023). Trends in the burden and determinants of hypertensive heart disease in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. EClinicalMedicine, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102034
  17. Mohamed, A. S., & Alshekhani, M. A. (2016). Risk Factors for Stroke in Sulaimaniyah Iraqi Kurdistan Region-Iraq. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(9), 639-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2016.79070
  18. Nassr, O. A., & Forsyth, P. (2019). Evaluation of blood pressure control and associated factors among patients with hypertension in Iraq: A prospective cross-sectional study. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 11(3), 232-239. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_82_19
  19. Poznyak, A. V., Sadykhov, N. K., Kartuesov, A. G., Borisov, E. E., Melnichenko, A. A., Grechko, A. V., & Orekhov, A. N. (2022). Hypertension as a risk factor for atherosclerosis: Cardiovascular risk assessment. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 959285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.959285
  20. Qadir, M. S., & Weli, S. M. (2023). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among secondary school pupils in Sulaimani city Kurdistan-Iraq. A cross-sectional study. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad, 65(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.2050
  21. Raleigh, V., Jefferies, D., & Wellings, D. (2022). Cardiovascular disease in England: supporting leaders to take actions. The King's Fund. United Kingdom. https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/ttdz5fk
  22. Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., ... & GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group. (2020). Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982-3021.
  23. Saka, M., Shabu, S., & Shabila, N. (2020). Prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in older adults in Kurdistan, Iraq. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 26(3), 268-275.
  24. Vassy, J. L., Lu, B., Ho, Y. L., Galloway, A., Raghavan, S., Honerlaw, J., ... & Wilson, P. W. (2020). Estimation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk among patients in the veterans affairs health care system. JAMA Network Open, 3(7), e208236-e208236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8236
  25. Zardawi, F., Gul, S., Abdulkareem, A., Sha, A., & Yates, J. (2021). Association between periodontal disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: revisited. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 7, 625579. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.625579
Recommended Articles
Original Article Open Access
A FRAMEWORK OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND RELATED PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
2025, Volume 4, Issue 4 : 26-34
Research Article Open Access
Investigation of Tritrichomonas Foetus in Cattle Using Different Methods in Basrah City – Iraq
2023, Volume 2, Issue 1 : 39-43
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.334
Research Article Open Access
The Role of Vitamin D and Zinc In Facing COVID-19 Injury
2022, Volume 1, Issue 1 : 6-10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i1.76
Research Article Open Access
Design and Synthesis Ligands Tetradents Substituted with Halogenes in α- Position and Conjugation with Riboflavin (Bioconjugates)
2022, Volume 1, Issue 2 : 47-56
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i2.85
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences journal thumbnail
Volume 3, Issue 4
Citations
2 Views
0 Downloads
Share this article
License
Copyright (c) Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
Creative Commons Attribution License Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal unless they receive approval for doing so from the Editor-In-Chief.
Biomed. Chem. Sci. open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets the audience to give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute contributions under the same license as the original.
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences Logo
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
About Us
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences (BCS), an international journal, publishes double blind peer-reviewed full-length, original papers, reviews or letters. BCS covers the latest developments in various fields of biomedicine such as cardiology, immunology, genetics, environmental health, neurology, oncology and toxicology
Support
Follow Us
facebook twitter linkedin mendeley research-gate
© Copyright Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences (BCS). All Rights Reserved.