Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
2025, Volume 4, Issue 3 : 73-81 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16646123
Research Article
Latest Insights on the Diagnostic Approaches and Treatment Strategies of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Possible Treatment of COVID–19 Infection
Received
May 27, 2025
Revised
June 15, 2025
Accepted
June 24, 2025
Published
July 1, 2025
Abstract

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause a variety of illnesses, from the common cold to severe acute respiratory syndrome. The SARS–CoV–2 outbreak was first reported by the World Health Organization in China and has now become an epidemic, reflecting the extremely high transmissibility of the virus, which has caused great concern and stress among people around the world. Research suggests that prevention, risk education, and promotion of self–care behaviours can slow the spread of the disease in communities, and identifying sources of transmission can be effective in controlling it. The mortality rate of this virus is significantly higher in the elderly and people with underlying diseases compared to healthy people. Coronavirus is a challenging disease and can be easily transmitted in public places, and the number of people infected with this virus is increasing exponentially across all ages and groups. Therefore, increasing public awareness of this disease and providing positive psychological programs and teaching prevention methods in the media can reduce mental problems in society, in addition to reducing mortality and the number of patients.

Keywords
REFERENCES
  1. Abeng, F. E., Anadebe, V., Nkom, P. Y., Uwakwe, K. J., & Kamalu, E. G. (2021). Experimental and theoretical study on the corrosion inhibitor potential of quinazoline derivative for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 11(1), 10-26. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.887
  2. Al-Mhyawi, S. R. (2014). Inhibition of mild steel corrosion using Juniperus plants as green inhibitior. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 8(1), 9-22.
  3. Beltran-Perez, C., Serrano, A. A., Solís-Rosas, G., Martínez-Jiménez, A., Orozco-Cruz, R., Espinoza-Vázquez, A., & Miralrio, A. (2022). A general use QSAR-ARX model to predict the corrosion inhibition efficiency of drugs in terms of quantum mechanical descriptors and experimental comparison for lidocaine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(9), 5086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095086
  4. Bostan, R., Varvara, S., Găină, L., & Mureşan, L. M. (2012). Evaluation of some phenothiazine derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for bronze in weakly acidic solution. Corrosion Science, 63, 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.06.010
  5. Callister Jr, W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2020). Materials science and engineering: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
  6. Chahul, H. F., Ayuba, A. M., & Nyior, S. (2015). Adsorptive, Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Inhibitive Properties of Cissus Populnea Stem Extract on the Corrosion of Aluminum in Acid Medium. Chemsearch Journal, 6(1), 20-30.
  7. Chavan, N. D., & Vijayakumar, V. (2024). Synthesis, DFT studies on a series of tunable quinoline derivatives. RSC Advances, 14(29), 21089-21101. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA03961K
  8. Chi, M., & Zhao, Y. P. (2009). Adsorption of formaldehyde molecule on the intrinsic and Al-doped graphene: a first principle study. Computational Materials Science, 46(4), 1085-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.05.017
  9. Dos Santos, G. C., Servilha, R. O., de Oliveira, E. F., Lavarda, F. C., Ximenes, V. F., & da Silva-Filho, L. C. (2017). Theoretical-experimental photophysical investigations of the solvent effect on the properties of green-and blue-light-emitting quinoline derivatives. Journal of Fluorescence, 27(5), 1709-1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-017-2108-0
  10. Ebenso, E. E., Eddy, N. O., & Odiongenyi, A. O. (2008). Corrosion inhibitive properties and adsorption behaviour of ethanol extract of Piper guinensis as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in H2SO4. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2(11), 107-115.
  11. Eddy, N. O., & Ebenso, E. E. (2010). Corrosion inhibition and adsorption properties of ethanol extract of Gongronema latifolium on mild steel in H2SO4. Pigment & Resin Technology, 39(2), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1108/03699421011028653
  12. Fu, J. J., Li, S. N., Wang, Y., Cao, L. H., & Lu, L. D. (2010). Computational and electrochemical studies of some amino acid compounds as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Journal of Materials Science, 45(22), 6255-6265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4720-0
  13. Fu, J., Zang, H., Wang, Y., Li, S., Chen, T., & Liu, X. (2012). Experimental and theoretical study on the inhibition performances of quinoxaline and its derivatives for the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(18), 6377-6386. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202832e
  14. Gece, G., & Bilgiç, S. (2010). A theoretical study on the inhibition efficiencies of some amino acids as corrosion inhibitors of nickel. Corrosion Science, 52(10), 3435-3443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.06.015
  15. Goyal, M., Kumar, S., Bahadur, I., Verma, C., & Ebenso, E. E. (2018). Organic corrosion inhibitors for industrial cleaning of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in acidic solutions: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 256, 565-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.045
  16. Heidari, A. (2014). A modern ethnomedicinal technique for transformation, prevention and treatment of human malignant gliomas tumors into human benign gliomas tumors under synchrotron radiation. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 4(1)10. https://hal.science/hal-03716392v1
  17. Heidari, A. (2015). High-resolution simulations of human brain cancer translational nano drugs delivery treatment process under synchrotron radiation. Journal of Nanomedicine Research, 2(5), 20.
  18. Heidari, A. (2017). Different High–Resolution Simulations of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Oncology of Human Lung Cancer Translational Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron and X–Ray Radiations. Journal of Oral Cancer and Research, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.36959/915/571
  19. Heidari, A. (2017). Investigation of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Estradiol, Mestranol (Norlutin), Norethindrone (NET), Norethisterone Acetate (NETA), Norethisterone Enanthate (NETE) and Testosterone Nanoparticles as Biological Imaging, Cell Labeling, Anti–Microbial Agents and Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs in Nanomedicines Based Drug Delivery Systems for Anti–Cancer Targeting and Treatment. Parana Journal of Science and Education (PJSE)–v, 3, 10-19.
  20. Heidari, A. (2017b). A comparative computational and experimental study on different vibrational biospectroscopy methods, techniques and applications for human cancer cells in tumor tissues simulation, modeling, research, diagnosis and treatment. Open Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1(1), 014–020. https://doi.org/10.17352/ojabc.000003
  21. Heidari, A. (2018). Two–Dimensional Infrared Correlation Spectroscopy, Linear Two–Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy and Non–Linear Two–Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation with the Passage of Time. Journal of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, 6(1), 1-6.
  22. Hussin, M. H., & Kassim, M. J. (2011). The corrosion inhibition and adsorption behavior of Uncaria gambir extract on mild steel in 1 M HCl. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 125(3), 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.10.032
  23. Kadapparambil, S., Yadav, K., Ramachandran, M., & Victoria Selvam, N. (2017). Electrochemical investigation of the corrosion inhibition mechanism of Tectona grandis leaf extract for SS304 stainless steel in hydrochloric acid. Corrosion Reviews, 35(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2016-0074
  24. Kiani, M. A., Mousavi, M. F., Ghasemi, S., Shamsipur, M., & Kazemi, S. H. (2008). Inhibitory effect of some amino acids on corrosion of Pb–Ca–Sn alloy in sulfuric acid solution. Corrosion Science, 50(4), 1035-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2007.11.031
  25. Li, Y., Song, G., Lin, H., & Cao, C. (1999). Study on the relationship between the corrosion interface structure and negative difference effect for pure magnisuim. Corrosion Science and Protection Technology, 11, 202-208.
  26. Pavithra, M. K., Venkatesha, T. V., Kumar, M. P., & Tondan, H. C. (2012). Inhibition of mild steel corrosion by Rabeprazole sulfide. Corrosion Science, 60, 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.04.003
  27. Qiang, Y., Zhang, S., Tan, B., & Chen, S. (2018). Evaluation of Ginkgo leaf extract as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor of X70 steel in HCl solution. Corrosion Science, 133, 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.01.008
  28. Ramachandran, R., & Nosonovsky, M. (2015). Coupling of surface energy with electric potential makes superhydrophobic surfaces corrosion-resistant. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17(38), 24988-24997. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP04462F
  29. Sun, Q., Wang, J., Li, H. B., Li, Y., Hu, Y. D., Bai, J. G., & Han, P. D. (2016). Chi phase after short-term aging and corrosion behavior in 2205 duplex stainless steel. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 23(10), 1071-1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(16)30159-5
  30. Talari, A. C. S., Martinez, M. A. G., Movasaghi, Z., Rehman, S., & Rehman, I. U. (2017). Advances in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of biological tissues. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 52(5), 456-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2016.1230863
  31. Talbot, D. E., & Talbot, J. D. (2018). Corrosion science and technology. CRC Press.
  32. Umoren, S. A., Obot, I. B., Ebenso, E. E., Okafor, P. C., Ogbobe, O., & Oguzie, E. E. (2006). Gum arabic as a potential corrosion inhibitor for aluminium in alkaline medium and its adsorption characteristics. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 53(5), 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1108/00035590610692554
  33. Verma, C., Olasunkanmi, L. O., Ebenso, E. E., Quraishi, M. A., & Obot, I. B. (2016). Adsorption behavior of glucosamine-based, pyrimidine-fused heterocycles as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel: experimental and theoretical studies. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120(21), 11598-11611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b04429
  34. Wahyuningrum, D., Achmad, S., Syah, Y. M., Bundjali, B., & Ariwahjoedi, B. (2008). The correlation between structure and corrosion inhibition activity of 4, 5-diphenyl-1-vinylimidazole derivative compounds towards mild steel in 1% NaCl solution. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 3(2), 154-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)15435-6
  35. Wantulok, J., Szala, M., Quinto, A., Nycz, J. E., Giannarelli, S., Sokolová, R., ... & Kusz, J. (2020). Synthesis, electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of selected quinolinecarbaldehydes and their Schiff base derivatives. Molecules, 25(9), 2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092053
  36. Xhanari, K., & Finšgar, M. (2016). Organic corrosion inhibitors for aluminium and its alloys in acid solutions: a review. RSC advances, 6(67), 62833-62857. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA11818F
  37. Xiong, S., Sun, J. L., Xu, Y., & Yan, X. D. (2016, April). QSAR Study on Imidazole Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors by Genetic Function Approximation Method. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 850, pp. 426-432). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.850.426
  38. Zhang, H. H., Chen, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Comparative studies of two benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1.0 M HCl. Results in Physics, 11, 554-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.09.038
Recommended Articles
Research Article Open Access
Investigation of Tritrichomonas Foetus in Cattle Using Different Methods in Basrah City – Iraq
2023, Volume 2, Issue 1 : 39-43
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.334
Research Article Open Access
Isolation and Identification of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria from Different Types of Cheese in Baghdad’s Local Markets
2023, Volume 2, Issue 3 : 186-189
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i3.517
Research Article Open Access
Fungal Survey of Different Clinical Samples Collected from Patients
2024, Volume 3, Issue 1 : 1-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15771842
Research Article Open Access
Biomedical and Biochemical Approaches and Strategies for Targeting and Delivery of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Aggregation Linked to DNA/RNA by Aryl Mercaptanes with Various Chain Length
2022, Volume 1, Issue 4 : 215-224
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i4.149
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences journal thumbnail
Volume 4, Issue 3
Citations
3 Views
7 Downloads
Share this article
License
Copyright (c) Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
Creative Commons Attribution License Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal unless they receive approval for doing so from the Editor-In-Chief.
Biomed. Chem. Sci. open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets the audience to give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute contributions under the same license as the original.
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences Logo
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
About Us
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences (BCS), an international journal, publishes double blind peer-reviewed full-length, original papers, reviews or letters. BCS covers the latest developments in various fields of biomedicine such as cardiology, immunology, genetics, environmental health, neurology, oncology and toxicology
Support
Follow Us
facebook twitter linkedin mendeley research-gate
© Copyright Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences (BCS). All Rights Reserved.