Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
2023, Volume 2, Issue 3 : 171-179 doi: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i3.527
Research Article
Malathion-induced Biochemical and Molecular Changes in the Brain of Danio rerio as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Damage
Abeer G. Al-Sawafi
 ,
Yan Yunjun
DOI : https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i3.527
Received
May 15, 2023
Revised
May 31, 2023
Accepted
June 1, 2023
Published
July 1, 2023
Abstract

Malathion is the most widely used organophosphorus pesticide in freshwater ecosystems around the world. In Danio rerio brain specimens, the effects of MAL exposure on oxidative stress stimulation and acetylcholinsterase, as well as gene expression and histology, were investigated. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxides dismutase and catalase) and AChE levels changed widely in brain. The mRNA levels of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes such as Cu/Zn–SOD, Mn–SOD, and COX-17 did not increase when zebrafish were exposed to varied levels of MAL for 5 and 25 days. CAT, GPx, CYP1A, and AChE transcription were all enhanced significantly following exposure to MAL levels (P<0.05). Variations in the brain's antioxidant enzyme did not match mRNA induction patterns. Furthermore, with higher exposure time and dose, pathological changes included more severe tissue harm. These alterations are common cellular responses for pesticides and are expected to be an important signal in ecotoxicology studies. Given our findings, the Danio rerio can be used as a model organism for the further research of pesticide effects on the CNS and the various mechanisms involved.

Keywords
Biomarkers
Danio rerio brain
Genotoxity
Histopathology alternation
Malathion pesticide
REFERENCES
  1. Abbas, T. W., MN Authman, M., A Darwish, D., M Kenawy, A., MK Abumourad, I., & B Ibrahim, T. (2019). Cadmium toxicity-induced oxidative stress and genotoxic effects on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fish: The protective role of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 23(5 (Special Issue)), 193-215. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2019.64715
  2. Abdel-Tawwab, M., & Wafeek, M. (2017). Fluctuations in water temperature affected waterborne cadmium toxicity: hematology, anaerobic glucose pathway, and oxidative stress status of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture, 477, 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.05.007
  3. Abdel-Tawwab, M., Adeshina, I., Jenyo-Oni, A., Ajani, E. K., & Emikpe, B. O. (2018). Growth, physiological, antioxidants, and immune response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), to dietary clove basil, Ocimum gratissimum, leaf extract and its susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Fish & shellfish immunology, 78, 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.057
  4. Ajima, M. N., Pandey, P. K., Kumar, K., & Poojary, N. (2017). Neurotoxic effects, molecular responses and oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to verapamil. Comparative biochemistry and physiology part C: Toxicology & pharmacology, 196, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.009
  5. Akhtar, N., Khan, M. F., & Tabassum, S. (2019). Sub lethal effects of atrazine on hematology, histopathology and biochemistry of chirruh snowtrout (Schizothorax esocinus). JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 29(5), 1447-1454.
  6. Ali, D. T., & Aldhamin, A. S. (2019). Changes in acetylcholinesterase and DNA damage due to the use of Malathion on white albino rat. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 19(1), 1915-1918.
  7. Al-Sawafi, A. G. A., & Yan, Y. (2013). Alterations of acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant capacity of zebrafish brain and muscle exposed to sublethal level of cadmium. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 4(3), 327.
  8. Al-Sawafi, A. G. A., & Yan, Y. (2013). Bioconcentration and antioxidant status responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) under atrazine exposure. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 4(4), 204.
  9. Au, D. W. T. (2004). The application of histo-cytopathological biomarkers in marine pollution monitoring: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48(9-10), 817-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.02.032
  10. Ayşegül, P. A. L. A., & Serdar, O. (2018). Seasonal variation of acetylcholinesterase activity as a biomarker in brain tissue of Capoeta umbla in Pülümür Stream. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 4(2), 98-102. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.407339
  11. Ballesteros, M. L., Wunderlin, D. A., & Bistoni, M. A. (2009). Oxidative stress responses in different organs of Jenynsia multidentata exposed to endosulfan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(1), 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.008
  12. Banaee, M., Sureda, A., Mirvaghefi, A. R., & Ahmadi, K. (2011). Effects of diazinon on biochemical parameters of blood in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 99(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2010.09.001
  13. Barky, F. A., Abdelsalam, H. A., Mahmoud, M. B., & Hamdi, S. A. (2012). Influence of Atrazine and Roundup pesticides on biochemical and molecular aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 104(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.05.012
  14. Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  15. Can, Z. (2011). Toxic effects of Butyl-Benzyl phthalate on Zebrafish and cloning, Expression of Acetylcholinesterase Gene. A thesis of MS Degree in Biochemical and Molecular Biology.
  16. da Luz Oliveira, R., Seibt, K. J., Rico, E. P., Bogo, M. R., & Bonan, C. D. (2011). Inhibitory effect of lithium on nucleotide hydrolysis and acetylcholinesterase activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 33(6), 651-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2011.05.005
  17. Egea, J., Fabregat, I., Frapart, Y. M., Ghezzi, P., Görlach, A., Kietzmann, T., ... & Di Lisa, F. (2017). European contribution to the study of ROS: A summary of the findings and prospects for the future from the COST action BM1203 (EU-ROS). Redox biology, 13, 94-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.007
  18. Ellman, G. L., Courtney, K. D., Andres Jr, V., & Featherstone, R. M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical pharmacology, 7(2), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9
  19. Espinosa, C. R., Esteban, A. A., & Cuesta, A. (2019). Dietary administration of polyvinylchloride and polyethene microplastics produces histological damage, oxidative stress and immunoregulation in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 95, 574-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.072
  20. Feng, M., Qu, R., Wang, C., Wang, L., & Wang, Z. (2013). Comparative antioxidant status in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to six current-use brominated flame retardants: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Aquatic toxicology, 140, 314-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.001
  21. Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis: 3d ed. Cambridge University Press.
  22. Guardiola, F. A., Bahi, A., Messina, C. M., Mahdhi, A., Santulli, A., Arena, R., ... & Esteban, M. A. (2017). Quality and antioxidant response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) to dietary supplements of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) alone or combined with probiotic strains. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 63, 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.029
  23. Ighodaro, O. M., & Akinloye, O. A. (2018). First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alexandria journal of medicine, 54(4), 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2017.09.001
  24. Iheanacho, S. C., & Odo, G. E. (2020). Dietary exposure to polyvinyl chloride microparticles induced oxidative stress and hepatic damage in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(17), 21159-21173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08611-9
  25. Iheanacho, S. C., & Odo, G. E. (2020). Neurotoxicity, oxidative stress biomarkers and haematological responses in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to polyvinyl chloride microparticles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 232, 108741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108741
  26. Jönsson, M. E., Orrego, R., Woodin, B. R., Goldstone, J. V., & Stegeman, J. J. (2007). Basal and 3, 3′, 4, 4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl-induced expression of cytochrome P450 1A, 1B and 1C genes in zebrafish. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 221(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2007.02.017
  27. Kist, L. W., Rosemberg, D. B., Pereira, T. C. B., De Azevedo, M. B., Richetti, S. K., de Castro Leão, J., ... & Bogo, M. R. (2012). Microcystin-LR acute exposure increases AChE activity via transcriptional ache activation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part c: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 155(2), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.002
  28. Li, J., Yan, Y., & Xie, X. (2018). Tissue-specific antioxidative responses and cadmium accumulation in Silurus meridionalis under chronic waterborne cadmium exposure. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 100, 485-491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2294-8
  29. Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25(4), 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
  30. Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, Y., Geng, J., ... & Ren, H. (2016). Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver. Environmental science & technology, 50(7), 4054-4060. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00183
  31. Lushchak, V. I. (2011). Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology, 101(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006
  32. Moon, Y. S., Jeon, H. J., Nam, T. H., Choi, S. D., Park, B. J., Ok, Y. S., & Lee, S. E. (2016). Acute toxicity and gene responses induced by endosulfan in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 28(1-4), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/09542299.2016.1198681
  33. Mushtaq, T., Javed, M., & Abbas, S. (2017). Peroxidase activity in liver and kidney of Labeo rohita exposed to zinc chloride. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.6.sc5
  34. Regoli, F., & Giuliani, M. E. (2014). Oxidative pathways of chemical toxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers in marine organisms. Marine environmental research, 93, 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.07.006
  35. Ribeiro, F., Garcia, A. R., Pereira, B. P., Fonseca, M., Mestre, N. C., Fonseca, T. G., ... & Bebianno, M. J. (2017). Microplastics effects in Scrobicularia plana. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 122(1-2), 379-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.078
  36. Rickwood, C. J., & Galloway, T. S. (2004). Acetylcholinesterase inhibition as a biomarker of adverse effect: a study of Mytilus edulis exposed to the priority pollutant chlorfenvinphos. Aquatic Toxicology, 67(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.11.004
  37. Sayeed, I., Parvez, S., Pandey, S., Bin-Hafeez, B., Haque, R., & Raisuddin, S. (2003). Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56(2), 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00009-5
  38. Song, S. B., Xu, Y., & Zhou, B. S. (2006). Effects of hexachlorobenzene on antioxidant status of liver and brain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere, 65(4), 699-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.033
  39. Velki, M., Lackmann, C., Barranco, A., Ereno Artabe, A., Rainieri, S., Hollert, H., & Seiler, T. B. (2019). Pesticides diazinon and diuron increase glutathione levels and affect multixenobiotic resistance activity and biomarker responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae. Environmental Sciences Europe, 31, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0186-0
  40. Vuaden, F. C., Savio, L. E. B., Piato, A. L., Pereira, T. C., Vianna, M. R., Bogo, M. R., ... & Wyse, A. T. (2012). Long-term methionine exposure induces memory impairment on inhibitory avoidance task and alters acetylcholinesterase activity and expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurochemical research, 37, 1545-1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-012-0749-6
  41. Xing, H., Li, S., Wang, Z., Gao, X., Xu, S., & Wang, X. (2012). Histopathological changes and antioxidant response in brain and kidney of common carp exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos. Chemosphere, 88(4), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.049
  42. Xing, H., Zhang, Z., Yao, H., Liu, T., Wang, L., Xu, S., & Li, S. (2014). Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on cytochrome P450 in common carp liver. Chemosphere, 104, 244-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.002
Recommended Articles
Research Article Open Access
Design and Synthesis Ligands Tetradents Substituted with Halogenes in α- Position and Conjugation with Riboflavin (Bioconjugates)
Nasser Thallaj
2022, Volume 1, Issue 2 : 47-56
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i2.85
Loading Image... Download PDF
Research Article Open Access
Identification of Pathogenic Fungi in Renal Transplant Patients by Conventional and Molecular Methods
Faheema Jabbar , 
Azhar A.Al-Attraqchi , 
Dina Nabeel Alkhayyat
2022, Volume 1, Issue 3 : 126-131
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i3.198
Loading Image... Download PDF
Research Article Open Access
Synthesis, Characterization and Analytical Studies of Three Newly Schiff Bases As A New Anti-Human Breast Cancer (MCF-7)
Mustafa M. Grafa , 
Hanan M. Ali
2022, Volume 1, Issue 3 : 168-177
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i3.127
Loading Image... Download PDF
Research Article Open Access
Spectroscopic and Thermal Studies of Some Palladium(II) Complexes with 2-amino-4-(4-subsistuted phenyl)thiazole Derivatives
Thaaer K. Maki AL-Jaffer , 
Zeki O Naser , 
Ali Jameel Hameed
2022, Volume 1, Issue 2 : 78-82
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i2.104
Loading Image... Download PDF
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences journal thumbnail
Volume 2, Issue 3
Downloads
pdf Download PDF xml Download XML
Citations
2 Views
0 Downloads
Share this article
Share icon
Share on Facebook Share on LinkedIn
Share on Twitter
License
Copyright (c) Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
Creative Commons Attribution License Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal unless they receive approval for doing so from the Editor-In-Chief.
Biomed. Chem. Sci. open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets the audience to give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute contributions under the same license as the original.
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences Logo
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences
About Us
Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences (BCS), an international journal, publishes double blind peer-reviewed full-length, original papers, reviews or letters. BCS covers the latest developments in various fields of biomedicine such as cardiology, immunology, genetics, environmental health, neurology, oncology and toxicology
Support
visit www.bcsjournal.org
Follow Us
facebook twitter linkedin mendeley research-gate
© Copyright Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences (BCS). All Rights Reserved.